高压反应釜(加氢)使用经验浅谈
发布日期:2024-07-04
阅读量:424

  以下是做了多年的高压加氢反应的一些经验交流,希望能够起到抛砖引玉的作用 。高压釜一般用于还原氢解。在高压、易燃、自燃物品,氧气同时存在下很容易发生安全事故,给操作者造成终身遗憾。为此将使用高压釜的注意事项和操作规程记述如下。

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  一、 注意事项

  1、对于初次进行高压釜操作人员进行操作时,必须至少一员已经熟练掌握高压反应釜操作人员在场。

  2、在场操作的人员必须手戴棉手套,穿戴无铁钉的鞋。

  3、不要携带手机、打火机、MP3 等易引起爆炸、自燃的物品进入氢化工作区域。

  4、在氢解附近操作人员拿工具、零件时应轻拿轻放,不得发生刚性撞击产生火花。

  5、 卸压时高压反应的尾气,最好用胶管通向室外,或者通风橱内。

  二、 操作规程

  一个完整的高压釜反应的操作规程分为安装、加氢、取样、泄氢、卸装五个过程。

  (一)安装

  1、 检查釜内、釜外是否有易燃、易爆物品,是否有不利于空气流通的物品存在,如果有请移走。

  2、 检查阀门、釜内是否干净,如果不干净请洗净。

  3、 关闭所有阀门,排气阀除外,开始投料,投料后盖住釜盖,注意旋转螺帽时应用力均匀,保证对角线两螺丝互相旋紧,以防紧后漏气。

  4、 关闭排气阀。

  (二)检查装置气密性

  关闭所有阀门,盖住釜盖,注意旋转螺帽时应用力均匀,保证对角线两螺丝互相旋紧,以防紧后漏气。打开进气阀通入氮气到 1MPa,关闭进气阀,观察压力变化情况,确认装置是否漏气。

  (三)加氢

  1、 检查各阀门是否关严。

  2、 将排气软管指向空旷且空气流通的地方。

  3、 上氢气减压阀门,注意氢气压力阀的丝口是反丝的。氮气压力阀,上好后用肥皂水检查是否漏气,如漏气请重上。

  4、 在排气口用真空抽出液面上的空气。

  5、 打开釜的进气阀,打开氮气减压阀充氮气使内釜压力P=0.2Mpa后关闭氮气减压阀,关闭进气阀,保持约 2 分钟看压力表压力是否下降,另外俯首侧听阀门、釜盖是否漏气,如不漏则缓慢打开排气阀,将里面的压力排泄至 0.01Mpa 时,关闭排气阀。

  6、 重复第 5 步操作一遍。

  7、 打开进气阀,打开氢气减压阀,充入氢气至所需压力,关闭进气阀,关闭氢气减压阀,然后调试其它参数至所需状态令其反应。

  (四)控制取样

  1、 每隔半小时观察各项数据是否正常,如压力减小,则须重新补充氢气。

  2、 氢气钢瓶内氢气不能放完,必须保证有一定压力时,P≈0.01Mpa时就应弃用换新瓶

  3、 取样。缓慢打开排气阀,设置釜内压力改为 0.2Mpa 时,关闭排气阀,缓慢打开取样阀至有反应液冒出,关闭取样阀取样,然后清洁取样口,不能让易燃物残留。

  (五)泄氢

  确认反应结束后,缓慢排放氢气至尽,注意内稍有压力就关闭排气阀,以免氧气进入,打开进气阀,冲入氮气至 0.2Mpa 关闭进气阀,然后缓慢打开排气阀,放出里面的混合气体,将尽时重新输入氮气,如此换气三次后,用真空泵抽出液面上的气体,打开排气阀、取样阀,开始从底阀放料。注意由于里面有遇氧易自燃的物质如 Pa/c、RaneyNi,因此杜绝洒落在盛器外,如有洒漏,请立即用湿毛巾将其蘸出,放入有水的桶内,后用少量稀酸将其破坏掉,放料毕立即关闭底阀门。

  (六)卸装

  放完料的釜,应立即清洗,清洗前应按以下步骤进行:

  1、 将反应溶剂从排气阀充入釜内,清洗掉大部份残留物后,注入水半釜进行搅拌 10 分钟。此时方可打开釜盖对釜内壁进行清洗。

  2、 清洗时必须清洗釜盖、取样阀,同时在釜内有水的情况下稍充一下氮气。

  3、暂时不用的反应釜,最好将反应釜内加入70体积干净的无水乙醇浸泡,可以不拧紧螺丝。

专栏:技术交流
作者: JZ
原文链接: 阅读原文
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FreeMarker template error (HTML_DEBUG mode; use RETHROW in production!)

The following has evaluated to null or missing:
==> langConfig  [in template "public_include/wap/module/version_1/language.html" at line 49, column 14]

----
Tip: If the failing expression is known to be legally refer to something that's sometimes null or missing, either specify a default value like myOptionalVar!myDefault, or use <#if myOptionalVar??>when-present<#else>when-missing</#if>. (These only cover the last step of the expression; to cover the whole expression, use parenthesis: (myOptionalVar.foo)!myDefault, (myOptionalVar.foo)??
----

----
FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related):
	- Failed at: #if langConfig.status?string = "false"  [in template "public_include/wap/module/version_1/language.html" at line 49, column 9]
	- Reached through: #include "/public_include/wap/module/...  [in template "tpl/2018/03/17/2613443926933696//wap/com_5.html" at line 5, column 1]
	- Reached through: #include "com_5.html"  [in template "tpl/2018/03/17/2613443926933696//wap/displaynews.html" at line 69, column 6]
----

Java stack trace (for programmers):
----
freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: [... Exception message was already printed; see it above ...]
	at freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException.getInstance(InvalidReferenceException.java:134)
	at freemarker.core.UnexpectedTypeException.newDesciptionBuilder(UnexpectedTypeException.java:80)
	at freemarker.core.UnexpectedTypeException.<init>(UnexpectedTypeException.java:43)
	at freemarker.core.NonHashException.<init>(NonHashException.java:49)
	at freemarker.core.Dot._eval(Dot.java:48)
	at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:81)
	at freemarker.core.BuiltInsForMultipleTypes$stringBI._eval(BuiltInsForMultipleTypes.java:692)
	at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:81)
	at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.compare(EvalUtil.java:111)
	at freemarker.core.ComparisonExpression.evalToBoolean(ComparisonExpression.java:62)
	at freemarker.core.ConditionalBlock.accept(ConditionalBlock.java:48)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:327)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:333)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.include(Environment.java:2509)
	at freemarker.core.Include.accept(Include.java:171)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:327)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:333)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.include(Environment.java:2509)
	at freemarker.core.Include.accept(Include.java:171)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:327)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:333)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:306)
	at freemarker.ext.servlet.FreemarkerServlet.processEnvironment(FreemarkerServlet.java:946)
	at freemarker.ext.servlet.FreemarkerServlet.process(FreemarkerServlet.java:910)
	at freemarker.ext.servlet.FreemarkerServlet.doGet(FreemarkerServlet.java:769)
	at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:622)
	at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:729)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:292)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207)
	at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207)
	at com.kenfor.iyong.web.util.filter.NotAllowedToTunFilesFilter.doFilter(NotAllowedToTunFilesFilter.java:154)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207)
	at com.kenfor.iyong.web.util.filter.InvalidXSSFilter.doFilter(InvalidXSSFilter.java:40)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207)
	at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:121)
	at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:212)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:106)
	at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:502)
	at com.orangefunction.tomcat.redissessions.RedisSessionHandlerValve.invoke(RedisSessionHandlerValve.java:26)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:141)
	at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:79)
	at org.apache.catalina.valves.AbstractAccessLogValve.invoke(AbstractAccessLogValve.java:616)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:88)
	at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:528)
	at org.apache.coyote.ajp.AbstractAjpProcessor.process(AbstractAjpProcessor.java:873)
	at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:687)
	at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1520)
	at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(NioEndpoint.java:1476)
	at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142)
	at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617)
	at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)

FreeMarker template error: The following has evaluated to null or missing: ==> langConfig [in template "public_include/wap/module/version_1/language.html" at line 49, column 14] ---- Tip: If the failing expression is known to be legally refer to something that's sometimes null or missing, either specify a default value like myOptionalVar!myDefault, or use <#if myOptionalVar??>when-present<#else>when-missing. (These only cover the last step of the expression; to cover the whole expression, use parenthesis: (myOptionalVar.foo)!myDefault, (myOptionalVar.foo)?? ---- ---- FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related): - Failed at: #if langConfig.status?string = "false" [in template "public_include/wap/module/version_1/language.html" at line 49, column 9] - Reached through: #include "/public_include/wap/module/... [in template "tpl/2018/03/17/2613443926933696//wap/com_5.html" at line 5, column 1] - Reached through: #include "com_5.html" [in template "tpl/2018/03/17/2613443926933696//wap/displaynews.html" at line 69, column 6] ---- Java stack trace (for programmers): ---- freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: [... Exception message was already printed; see it above ...] at freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException.getInstance(InvalidReferenceException.java:134) at freemarker.core.UnexpectedTypeException.newDesciptionBuilder(UnexpectedTypeException.java:80) at freemarker.core.UnexpectedTypeException.(UnexpectedTypeException.java:43) at freemarker.core.NonHashException.(NonHashException.java:49) at freemarker.core.Dot._eval(Dot.java:48) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:81) at freemarker.core.BuiltInsForMultipleTypes$stringBI._eval(BuiltInsForMultipleTypes.java:692) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:81) at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.compare(EvalUtil.java:111) at freemarker.core.ComparisonExpression.evalToBoolean(ComparisonExpression.java:62) at freemarker.core.ConditionalBlock.accept(ConditionalBlock.java:48) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:327) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:333) at freemarker.core.Environment.include(Environment.java:2509) at freemarker.core.Include.accept(Include.java:171) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:327) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:333) at freemarker.core.Environment.include(Environment.java:2509) at freemarker.core.Include.accept(Include.java:171) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:327) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:333) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:306) at freemarker.ext.servlet.FreemarkerServlet.processEnvironment(FreemarkerServlet.java:946) at freemarker.ext.servlet.FreemarkerServlet.process(FreemarkerServlet.java:910) at freemarker.ext.servlet.FreemarkerServlet.doGet(FreemarkerServlet.java:769) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:622) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:729) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:292) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at com.kenfor.iyong.web.util.filter.NotAllowedToTunFilesFilter.doFilter(NotAllowedToTunFilesFilter.java:154) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at com.kenfor.iyong.web.util.filter.InvalidXSSFilter.doFilter(InvalidXSSFilter.java:40) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:121) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:212) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:106) at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:502) at com.orangefunction.tomcat.redissessions.RedisSessionHandlerValve.invoke(RedisSessionHandlerValve.java:26) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:141) at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:79) at org.apache.catalina.valves.AbstractAccessLogValve.invoke(AbstractAccessLogValve.java:616) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:88) at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:528) at org.apache.coyote.ajp.AbstractAjpProcessor.process(AbstractAjpProcessor.java:873) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:687) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1520) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(NioEndpoint.java:1476) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617) at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)