技术分享 | 纯水设备处理工艺的八种不同方法
发布日期:2024-03-12
阅读量:474

  纯水是指纯净水一般以城市自来水为水源,通过多层过滤,可将微生物等有害物质去除,但同时也去除了氟、钾、钙、镁等人体所需的矿物质。今天,有着20多年水处理设备生产研发经验的金宗企业,来给大家分享纯水设备处理工艺的八种不同方法。


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  part1


  臭氧杀菌超纯水处理


  臭氧(O3)的消毒原理是:臭氧在常温、常压下分子结构不稳定,很快自行分解成氧气(O2)和单个氧原子(O);后者具有很强的活性,对细菌有极强的氧化作用,将其杀死,多余的氧原子则会自行重新结合成为普通氧原子(O2),不存在任何有毒残留物,故称无污染消毒剂,它不但对各种细菌(包括肝炎病毒,大肠杆菌,绿浓杆菌及杂菌等)有极强的杀灭能力,而且对杀死霉素也很有效。


  1、臭氧的灭菌机制及过程类属于生物化学过程,氧化分解了细菌内部氧化葡萄糖所必须的葡萄糖氧化酶。


  2、直接与细菌、病毒发生作用,破坏其细胞器和核糖核酸,分解DNA、RNA,蛋白质、脂质类和多糖等大分子聚合物,使细菌的物质代谢生产和繁殖过程到破坏。3、渗透胞膜组织,侵入细胞膜内作用于外膜脂蛋白和内部的脂多糖,使细胞发生通透畸变,导致细胞溶解死亡。并且将死亡菌体内遗传基因、寄生菌种、寄生病毒粒子、噬菌体、枝原体及热原(细菌病毒代谢产物、内毒素)等溶解变性灭亡。


  part2


  活性炭吸附纯水处理工艺


  活性炭依靠吸附和过滤作用主要去除水中的异色、异味、余氯、残留消毒物等有机物杂质。


  part3


  薄膜微孔过滤(MF)纯水处理工艺


  薄膜微孔过滤法包括三种形式:深层过滤、筛网过滤、表面过滤。


  深层过滤是以编织纤维或压缩材料制成的基质,利用隋性吸附或是捕捉方式来留住颗粒,如常用的多介质过滤或砂滤;深层过滤是一种较为经济的方式,可去除98%以上的悬浮固体,同时保护下游的纯化单元不会被堵塞,因此通常做为预处理。


  表面过滤则是多层结构,当溶液通过滤膜时,较滤膜内部孔隙大的颗粒将被留下来,并主要堆积在滤膜表面上,如常用的PP纤维过滤。表面过滤可去除99.9%以上的悬浮固体,所以也可作为预处理或澄清用。


  筛网滤膜基本上是具有一致性的结构,就象筛子一般,将大于孔径的颗粒,都留在表面上(这种滤膜的孔量度是非常精准的),如超纯水机终端使用的用点保安过滤器;筛网过滤微孔过滤一般被置于纯化系统中的终使用点,以去除后的残留微量树脂片、碳屑、胶体和微生物。


  part4


  离子交换纯水处理工艺


  离子交换法的原理是将水中的无机盐阴阳离子如钙离子Ca2+、镁离子Mg2+、硫酸盐SO42-、硝酸盐NO3-等,通过与离子交换树脂交换,使水中的阴、阳离子与树脂中的阴阳离子相交换,从而使水得到纯化。


  part5


  反渗透(RO)纯水处理工艺


  它是以压力为推动力,利用反渗透膜只能透水而不能透过溶质的选择性,从含有各种无机物、有机物、微生物的水体中,提取纯水的物质分离过程。反渗透膜的孔径小于10埃(1埃等于10-10米),具有极强的筛分作用,其脱盐率高达99%,除菌率大于99.5%。可去除水中的无机盐、糖类、氨基酸、细菌、病毒等杂质。如果以原水水质及产水水质为基准,经过适当设计后,RO是将自来水纯化的经济的有效方法,同时也是超纯水系统好的前处理方法。


  part6


  超过滤(UF)纯水处理工艺


  微孔薄膜是依其过滤孔径的大小来去除微粒,而超滤(UF)薄膜则像一个分子筛,它以尺寸为基准,让溶液通过极微细的孔,以达到分离溶液中不同大小分子之目的。


  超滤膜是一种强韧、薄、具有选择性的通透膜,通常认为其过滤孔径约为0.01μm,可截留某种特定大小以上的分子,包括:胶质、微生物和热源。较小的分子,例如:水和离子,都可通过滤膜。


  part7


  紫外线(UV)、臭氧灭菌超纯水处理工艺


  采用紫外灯所放射出来的254nm/185nm的紫外线可以有效的杀死细菌和降解有机物。


  part8


  EDI纯水处理工艺


  一种新的去离子水处理方法。又称连续电除盐技术,EDI装置将离子交换树脂充夹在阴/阳离子交换膜之间形成EDI单元。这种方法不需再用酸碱对树脂进行再生,环保性好。


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  金宗企业水务事业部20多年来专注水务设备的生产研发,涉及供水、污水、工业纯水处理工艺设计、水处理设备制造等,欢迎大家咨询了解。


  点击查看金宗自主研发的净水设备:


  https://www.jinzong.com.cn/page.html?id=472

专栏:技术交流
作者: JZ
原文链接: 阅读原文
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FreeMarker template error (HTML_DEBUG mode; use RETHROW in production!)

The following has evaluated to null or missing:
==> langConfig  [in template "public_include/wap/module/version_1/language.html" at line 49, column 14]

----
Tip: If the failing expression is known to be legally refer to something that's sometimes null or missing, either specify a default value like myOptionalVar!myDefault, or use <#if myOptionalVar??>when-present<#else>when-missing</#if>. (These only cover the last step of the expression; to cover the whole expression, use parenthesis: (myOptionalVar.foo)!myDefault, (myOptionalVar.foo)??
----

----
FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related):
	- Failed at: #if langConfig.status?string = "false"  [in template "public_include/wap/module/version_1/language.html" at line 49, column 9]
	- Reached through: #include "/public_include/wap/module/...  [in template "tpl/2018/03/17/2613443926933696//wap/com_5.html" at line 5, column 1]
	- Reached through: #include "com_5.html"  [in template "tpl/2018/03/17/2613443926933696//wap/displaynews.html" at line 69, column 6]
----

Java stack trace (for programmers):
----
freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: [... Exception message was already printed; see it above ...]
	at freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException.getInstance(InvalidReferenceException.java:134)
	at freemarker.core.UnexpectedTypeException.newDesciptionBuilder(UnexpectedTypeException.java:80)
	at freemarker.core.UnexpectedTypeException.<init>(UnexpectedTypeException.java:43)
	at freemarker.core.NonHashException.<init>(NonHashException.java:49)
	at freemarker.core.Dot._eval(Dot.java:48)
	at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:81)
	at freemarker.core.BuiltInsForMultipleTypes$stringBI._eval(BuiltInsForMultipleTypes.java:692)
	at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:81)
	at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.compare(EvalUtil.java:111)
	at freemarker.core.ComparisonExpression.evalToBoolean(ComparisonExpression.java:62)
	at freemarker.core.ConditionalBlock.accept(ConditionalBlock.java:48)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:327)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:333)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.include(Environment.java:2509)
	at freemarker.core.Include.accept(Include.java:171)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:327)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:333)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.include(Environment.java:2509)
	at freemarker.core.Include.accept(Include.java:171)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:327)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:333)
	at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:306)
	at freemarker.ext.servlet.FreemarkerServlet.processEnvironment(FreemarkerServlet.java:946)
	at freemarker.ext.servlet.FreemarkerServlet.process(FreemarkerServlet.java:910)
	at freemarker.ext.servlet.FreemarkerServlet.doGet(FreemarkerServlet.java:769)
	at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:622)
	at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:729)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:292)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207)
	at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207)
	at com.kenfor.iyong.web.util.filter.NotAllowedToTunFilesFilter.doFilter(NotAllowedToTunFilesFilter.java:154)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207)
	at com.kenfor.iyong.web.util.filter.InvalidXSSFilter.doFilter(InvalidXSSFilter.java:40)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207)
	at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:121)
	at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:212)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:106)
	at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:502)
	at com.orangefunction.tomcat.redissessions.RedisSessionHandlerValve.invoke(RedisSessionHandlerValve.java:26)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:141)
	at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:79)
	at org.apache.catalina.valves.AbstractAccessLogValve.invoke(AbstractAccessLogValve.java:616)
	at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:88)
	at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:528)
	at org.apache.coyote.ajp.AbstractAjpProcessor.process(AbstractAjpProcessor.java:873)
	at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:687)
	at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1520)
	at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(NioEndpoint.java:1476)
	at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142)
	at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617)
	at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)

FreeMarker template error: The following has evaluated to null or missing: ==> langConfig [in template "public_include/wap/module/version_1/language.html" at line 49, column 14] ---- Tip: If the failing expression is known to be legally refer to something that's sometimes null or missing, either specify a default value like myOptionalVar!myDefault, or use <#if myOptionalVar??>when-present<#else>when-missing. (These only cover the last step of the expression; to cover the whole expression, use parenthesis: (myOptionalVar.foo)!myDefault, (myOptionalVar.foo)?? ---- ---- FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related): - Failed at: #if langConfig.status?string = "false" [in template "public_include/wap/module/version_1/language.html" at line 49, column 9] - Reached through: #include "/public_include/wap/module/... [in template "tpl/2018/03/17/2613443926933696//wap/com_5.html" at line 5, column 1] - Reached through: #include "com_5.html" [in template "tpl/2018/03/17/2613443926933696//wap/displaynews.html" at line 69, column 6] ---- Java stack trace (for programmers): ---- freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: [... Exception message was already printed; see it above ...] at freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException.getInstance(InvalidReferenceException.java:134) at freemarker.core.UnexpectedTypeException.newDesciptionBuilder(UnexpectedTypeException.java:80) at freemarker.core.UnexpectedTypeException.(UnexpectedTypeException.java:43) at freemarker.core.NonHashException.(NonHashException.java:49) at freemarker.core.Dot._eval(Dot.java:48) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:81) at freemarker.core.BuiltInsForMultipleTypes$stringBI._eval(BuiltInsForMultipleTypes.java:692) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:81) at freemarker.core.EvalUtil.compare(EvalUtil.java:111) at freemarker.core.ComparisonExpression.evalToBoolean(ComparisonExpression.java:62) at freemarker.core.ConditionalBlock.accept(ConditionalBlock.java:48) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:327) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:333) at freemarker.core.Environment.include(Environment.java:2509) at freemarker.core.Include.accept(Include.java:171) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:327) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:333) at freemarker.core.Environment.include(Environment.java:2509) at freemarker.core.Include.accept(Include.java:171) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:327) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:333) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:306) at freemarker.ext.servlet.FreemarkerServlet.processEnvironment(FreemarkerServlet.java:946) at freemarker.ext.servlet.FreemarkerServlet.process(FreemarkerServlet.java:910) at freemarker.ext.servlet.FreemarkerServlet.doGet(FreemarkerServlet.java:769) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:622) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:729) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:292) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at com.kenfor.iyong.web.util.filter.NotAllowedToTunFilesFilter.doFilter(NotAllowedToTunFilesFilter.java:154) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at com.kenfor.iyong.web.util.filter.InvalidXSSFilter.doFilter(InvalidXSSFilter.java:40) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:121) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:240) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:207) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:212) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:106) at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:502) at com.orangefunction.tomcat.redissessions.RedisSessionHandlerValve.invoke(RedisSessionHandlerValve.java:26) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:141) at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:79) at org.apache.catalina.valves.AbstractAccessLogValve.invoke(AbstractAccessLogValve.java:616) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:88) at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:528) at org.apache.coyote.ajp.AbstractAjpProcessor.process(AbstractAjpProcessor.java:873) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:687) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1520) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(NioEndpoint.java:1476) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1142) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:617) at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)