乳化的方式及影响因素，你知道吗？
发布日期：2023-11-21
阅读量：2389
让我们来聊一聊什么是乳化吧!
乳化是一种液体以极微小液滴均匀地分散在互不相溶的另一种液体中的作用。
乳化是液-液界面现象，两种不相溶的液体;
如油与水，在容器中分成两层，密度小的油在上层，密度大的水在下层。
乳化的方式有哪几种呢?
1、间歇式乳化
油相和水相原料分别加热至一定温度后，按一定的次序投入一只搅拌釜中，保温搅拌一定时间，再逐步冷却至60℃以下，加入香精，继续搅拌至50—55℃出料。
这种操作方法适应性强，国内外大部分化妆品厂均采用此法。其缺点是辅助时间长，操作繁琐，设备效率低。
2、连续式乳化
将预先加热好的各种原料分别由计量泵打至一只搅拌乳化缸中，原料在搅拌乳化缸中停留一段时间后溢流至刮板薄膜热交换器中，快速冷却至60℃以下，然后再流入加香缸中，与此同时，
香精由计量泵加入，最终产品由加香缸上部溢出
乳化的影响因素你知道吗?目前有4大类
1、乳化设备
制备乳状液的机械设备主要是乳化机，它是一种使油相、水相混合均匀的乳化设备。乳化机的类型主要有四种：乳化搅拌机、胶体磨、均质器、超声波乳化器，其中胶体磨和均质器是较好的乳化设备。性能较好的是真空乳化设备等。
2、温度
乳化温度对乳化效果影响很大。温度的控制包括乳化过程和乳化后的温度。
①如果油相、水相均为液体时，在室温下进行搅拌就可实现乳化。
②对常温下为固体的油相或乳化剂等，需要升高温度使它们溶解度增大或熔化。一般常使油相温度高于其融化温度10-15℃;乳化过程中，油、水两相的温度均能控制在75-85℃之间。
③若油相中含有高熔点的蜡等成分，则可提高乳化温度。
④有时油相或水相黏度大，或乳化过程中体系黏度太大而影响搅拌时，也要适当提高乳化的温度。通常膏霜类乳化温度在75-95℃。
乳化温度和乳化后冷却的速度对液珠大小亦有影响。一般来说，冷却速度快，产生的液珠较小。但冷却速度太快，高熔点或溶解度小的物质(如蜡)会形成结晶，导致乳化效果很差。因此，应当由试验确定冷却速度。
3、搅拌速度
搅拌速度对乳化效果也有较大影响。乳化过程中搅拌剧烈，会影响乳化剂的用量，也影响乳化体的颗粒大小。搅拌速度过高，会将空气带人体系而产生气泡，使乳状液不稳定，因此，一般情况下，在乳化开始时采用较高速搅拌对乳化有利，在乳化结束而进入冷却阶段后，以中等速度或慢速搅拌可以减少气泡的混入。
4、乳化时间
根据油相和水相的体积、两相的黏度、乳化剂的种类及用量、乳化温度以及生成的乳状液的黏度等因素来确定乳化时间，乳化时间还与所使用的乳化设备的效率有直接关系。例如，用3000 r·min叫的均质器进行乳化时，需用3-10min。
专栏：技术交流
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